5月15日7時(shí)18分，由中國(guó)航天科技集團(tuán)五院總研制的天問(wèn)一號(hào)火星探測(cè)器成功著陸火星，邁出了我國(guó)星際探測(cè)征程的重要一步，實(shí)現(xiàn)了從地月系到行星系的跨越。

  May 15th, the Tianwen-1 Mars rover developed by the fifth institute of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation successfully landed on Mars, taking an important step in China’s interstellar exploration journey and realizing the transition from the Earth-Moon system to the planets system.

  安裝在中國(guó)火星探測(cè)器“天問(wèn)一號(hào)”前方的避障攝像機(jī)拍攝的黑白圖像表明，著陸器上的坡道已延伸至火星表面。 在圖像中清晰可見(jiàn)流動(dòng)站前進(jìn)方向的地形，并且由于廣角鏡的作用，火星的地平線顯得彎曲了。 來(lái)源：新華網(wǎng)

  Picture:The black and white image taken by an obstacle avoidance camera installed in front of the rover of China’s Mars probe Tianwen-1 shows that a ramp on the lander has been extended to the surface of Mars. The terrain of the rover’s forward direction is clearly visible in the image, and the horizon of Mars appears curved due to the wide-angle lens. Source: XInhuaNet

  © 中國(guó)國(guó)家航天局/China National Space Administration

  火星距離地球遙遠(yuǎn)、晝夜環(huán)境溫差大，對(duì)深空探測(cè)器的結(jié)構(gòu)輕量化和多功能一體化提出了更高要求，傳統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)難以滿足其性能指標(biāo)要求，金屬3D打印實(shí)現(xiàn)了火星探測(cè)任務(wù)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)支撐。

  Mars is far away from the earth and the temperature difference between day and night is large, which puts forward higher requirements for deep space probes with the extreme lightweight and integration of multi-functional design concept. Hence traditional technology cannot meet the requirements of such performance requirements.

  設(shè)計(jì)、材料、設(shè)備、工藝多方面攻關(guān)

  五院總體設(shè)計(jì)部作為火星探測(cè)器的抓總單位和結(jié)構(gòu)機(jī)構(gòu)分系統(tǒng)研制單位，采用金屬3D 打印技術(shù)和跨尺度結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化設(shè)計(jì)方法，聯(lián)合北京衛(wèi)星制造廠、北京理工大學(xué)、大連理工大學(xué)、西北工業(yè)大學(xué)、南京航空航天大學(xué)、西安鉑力特增材技術(shù)股份有限公司、沈陽(yáng)精合數(shù)控科技開(kāi)發(fā)有限公司等國(guó)內(nèi)優(yōu)勢(shì)團(tuán)隊(duì)，圍繞面向3D打印結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)、3D打印專用材料研發(fā)、3D打印專用裝備研制及制造工藝開(kāi)展聯(lián)合攻關(guān)。

三、四、六折旋轉(zhuǎn)對(duì)稱的第二、第三、第四、第四級(jí)點(diǎn)陣單元的設(shè)計(jì)

  /Design of the second, third, fourth hierarchical level lattice cells with (a) three-, (b) four-, (C) six-fold rotational symmetries

  來(lái)源：Paper of <Design of self-supporting lattices for additive manufacturing>, Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids

  The overall design department of the fifth institute of China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation as the project leader of the development of the Mars rover and the development of the sub-system of the structure, has developed cross-scale structural optimization design methods, and by cooperation with Beijing Satellite Manufacturing Factory, Beijing Institute of Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Xi’an BLT Additive Technology Co., Ltd, Shenyang TSC Numerical Control Technology Development Co., Ltd. and other domestic partners. The team have put great efforts to focus on further development of the 3D printing structure design, 3D printing special material research, 3D printing special equipment research and 3D printing manufacturing technology control.

   金屬3D打印實(shí)現(xiàn)火星探測(cè)任務(wù)關(guān)鍵技術(shù)支撐

  項(xiàng)目突破了基于金屬3D打印的輕量化三維點(diǎn)陣結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)，解決了深空探測(cè)器復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)部件的輕量化設(shè)計(jì)、功能集成與整體制造難題。完成了祝融號(hào)火星車(chē)相變儲(chǔ)能裝置結(jié)構(gòu)及承載結(jié)構(gòu)合計(jì)30余套關(guān)鍵部件的設(shè)計(jì)與正樣應(yīng)用。大幅減少結(jié)構(gòu)件數(shù)量，實(shí)現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)品減重40%~60%，研制周期縮短50%。

  The joint research has achieved some broken through in the ultra-lightweight metal three-dimensional lattice structure technology, and solve the lightweight design of the complex structure of the deep space detector, and realize the function integration of extremely complex structures. The team finalized the design and application of totaling above 30 pieces/set of key components. The number of structural parts is greatly reduced, the weight of the product is reduced by 40% to 60%, and the development cycle is shortened by 50%.

相變儲(chǔ)能裝置結(jié)構(gòu)（圖片為研制階段示意圖）

/Phase change energy storage device structure

  Note: The picture is the schematic diagram of the development stage

  © 中國(guó)空間技術(shù)研究院總體設(shè)計(jì)部

  連接角盒結(jié)構(gòu)（圖片為研制階段示意圖）

  /Connecting corner box structure

  Note: The picture is the schematic diagram of the development stage

  © 中國(guó)空間技術(shù)研究院總體設(shè)計(jì)部

  上述金屬 3D打印部件在天問(wèn)一號(hào)探測(cè)器及祝融號(hào)火星車(chē)的成功應(yīng)用，體現(xiàn)了金屬 3D 打印先進(jìn)結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)對(duì)于我國(guó)自主火星探測(cè)任務(wù)的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)支撐，具有標(biāo)志性意義。

  The successful application of the metal 3D printed parts in the Tianwen-1 probe and Zhurong Mars rover demonstrates metal 3D printing played the key role to pave the technical way out for the successful Mars exploration mission.

  該研究成果得到了國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃、裝發(fā)共用技術(shù)項(xiàng)目、國(guó)防基礎(chǔ)科研項(xiàng)目、國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金和中國(guó)科協(xié)青年人才托舉工程等項(xiàng)目的支持。

航天科技五院總體設(shè)計(jì)部是我國(guó)組建成立最早、總體領(lǐng)域最多、專業(yè)技術(shù)最齊備的空間飛行器研制核心總體單位，該部結(jié)構(gòu)與機(jī)構(gòu)技術(shù)研究室在3D 打印結(jié)構(gòu)技術(shù)方面開(kāi)展了大量研究工作，提出了增材制造自支撐三維點(diǎn)陣結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)方法，相關(guān)成果發(fā)表在JMPS、IJSS、AIAA Journal、CJA等國(guó)內(nèi)外高影響力學(xué)術(shù)期刊，并且實(shí)現(xiàn)了在火星探測(cè)器、中國(guó)空間站、千乘一號(hào)衛(wèi)星、高分十四號(hào)衛(wèi)星、中巴地球資源04A 衛(wèi)星等型號(hào)的在軌應(yīng)用，大幅提升結(jié)構(gòu)產(chǎn)品的功能性能。

  [1] Zhou, H., et al. 2021. Design of self-supporting lattices for additive manufacturing. J. Mech. Phys. Solid. 148, 104298.

  [2] Li, C., et al. 2020. Architecture design of periodic truss-lattice cells for additive manufacturing. Addit. Manuf. 34, 101172.

  [3] Zhou, H., et al. 2019. Lightweight structure of a phase-change thermal controller based on lattice cells manufactured by SLM. Chinese J. Aeronaut. 32(7), 1727-1732.

  [4] Zhang, X., et al. 2018. Vibration Tests of 3D Printed Satellite Structure Made of Lattice Sandwich Panels. AIAA J. 56(10):4213-4217.

  [5] Liu, C. et al. 2020. Optimal design of shell-graded-infill structures by a hybrid MMC-MMV approach. Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Engrg. 369, 113187.